Steam bending wood video. Do you have any suggestions to .

Steam bending wood video The only problem: I have no idea how to do it. Dec 1, 2011 · Learn about steam bending oak frames, a wooden boatbuilding technique, as the Herreshoff S-boat MISCHIEF is reframed at Brooklin Boat Yard. This is the first part of what will be two videos s May 6, 2010 · (to start of project) This was a good weekend, spent bending many pieces of wood into pretty shapes. Wood contains fibers that absorb water. This compact electric steamer, developed from one Nov 6, 2020 · I’ve been interested in steam bending wood for a while now. One of the key tools needed for wood bending is a steam generator, which produces steam that softens the wood fibers, making it easier to bend without breaking. Learn the best techniques and tips on how long to steam wood for bending, ensuring flexibility and durability. Introduction The cell structure of wood softens when heated above boiling point (1000C). When these fibers get wet, they become more flexible. Just pure skill bending wood! How incredible is this craft? #Woodworking #Craftsmanship Sep 20, 2025 · This video showcases our entry for the Rockler Bent Wood Challenge, where we experimented with bending wood for the first time by designing a wooden slide that incorporates three different bending Bending wood can be an original element in a project but is not an easy operation to perform. art1 1h󰞋󱟠 󰟝 Bending solid wood with Pure skill - No steam,no chemicals. In kerf-cutting, make multiple incisions with a saw to bend the wood. It is a little mysterious and foreign to our everyday experience but when everything comes together correctly, steam bending wood is incredibly easy. The softened piece of wood can then be bent into different shapes by clamping or tying it in position until it cools down and retains its new shape. Secure the wood in a bending form or jig, applying pressure gradually. Will it bend? You bet! Woodworking project article. Most timbers will Steam Bend satisfactorily but harder 4 days ago · Wood steam bending machine #followerseveryone#reactionreels#machine#reaction#Technology#skills#bendingmachine#wooddesign#bending Limin Hoo and 5 others 󰍸 6 󰤦 2 Last viewed on: Nov 20, 2025 Bending wood to make custom designs has always been interesting to me. familyhandyman. Is it better to have the growth rings parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the bend or does This guide outlines the steps for how to bend wood using three methods to choose from: water, steam or fire. Rawhide acts in a similar and more dramatic way when it is wet, and then dried to shape. THE BENEFITS Steam Bending is a cheap, clean, efficient and eco-friendly process that lets you bend solid wood - no glue, cleaning up, or glue lines and it can be done by anyone. Laminating involves gluing thin layers of wood around a form to create a curve. Learn more about bending wood, here. Discover the ideal steaming time for bending wood to achieve perfect results in your woodworking projects. I also explain what is considered bendable lumber and show bending less than ideal hardwoods. Anyone here have any experience with it? In this video, we build and quick and easy steam box to allow us to steam wood for bent lamination projects. I also have a shop update where I show how I fixed the curves to the headboard. My steam chamber is a 6′ piece of 6″ schedule 40 PVC with a 2-quart teapot steam supply. You can ‘season’ the wood as you put it through the process, so fresh or unseasoned wood can be bent and dried to around 8% moisture content in a couple of days. Jan 29, 2025 · VIDEO: Professional Windsor chair maker Elia Bizzarri gives a lesson on steam bending wood for furniture making, using a wood steamer box. Premium Safety & Convenience 🔥 Bending wood for curved furniture parts is an easier process than it sounds. Soak the wood in water or steam to increase its flexibility. . White oak, hackberry, and red oak bend well. Boatbuilder Milo Stanley joins the Mastering Skills crew for a look at steambox designs, the needed tools for safe and successful steam-bending, suitable bending stock, and the steaming of frames for a boat. Steam bending is one of those woodworking activities that everyone has heard about, but most have not attempted. Unlock the art of steam bending wood with this comprehensive guide. I would like to join my love for music and woodworking. Once the wood is steamed, the bending begins. Bending wood can transform ordinary lumber into stunning, curved shapes perfect for furniture and crafts. 4 days ago · No steam, no chemicals. Once planks are removed Earlex Steam Generator Bending wood with steam opens up a new dimension for your furniture designs & woodworking projects. Nov 4, 2015 · The video features Shipwright Louis Sauzedde demonstrating how he uses polyethylene plastic bags, rather than a traditional steam box, to bend the outwales on his dory. com Dec 13, 2017 · The two main components that make up a steam box system is the enclosure/box, in which you will place the piece of wood that needs to be bent, and a steam generator. Steam is generated by a waste boiler where we burn the sawdust from the mill. "Discover the art of bending wood with steam to create stunning curved elements for your DIY furniture projects. There are various ways to accomplish bent lamination, such as steam bending, kerf cutting or the Nov 29, 2024 · The best wood for steam bending is typically white oak, followed closely by ash and hickory. 3-Gallon Generator is designed for woodworking enthusiasts looking to create beautifully curved pieces with ease. -Cold Bent Lamination -Steam Bending-Kerf Bent LaminationTools and Supplies used in Vid How Steam Bending Wood Is Used in Banjo Making In this video, Eric introduces us to steam bending wood in woodworking, and an acclaimed luthier, a maker of guitars or banjos, Bill Lester, who also happens to be an employee at our Nashville, Tennessee, store. By softening the fibers, steam allows Nov 7, 2024 · To bend wood for a boat, use steam or hot water to soften the fibers. So for this video, I build a homemade steam bending box to dive into this world. Back in my steam-bending bag. There was a lot of free time between steps, so I could play with the video camera some. How to Steam Bend Wood Want to add curves to your next woodworking project? Here’s what you need to know about bending wood with steam: How to Bend Wood with Steam Every product is independently selected by our editors. 5 days ago · Bend it. Q: How long have you been steam bending wood for? The bending process involves wet wood that we treat with chemicals (again this depends on the type of wood) and steam heat (done under a pressurized unit). After 40 years of bending wood, these are the top reasons why I have experienced failure. Steam bending is an age old process that allows wood to be manipulated into an array of remarkable and interesting shapes. g. Sep 19, 2012 · Wood can be so straight! If you've ever wanted to bend wood to your whims, check out the newish Steam Bending Kit from our sponsor Rockler. Don’t break it. We show you how we constructed this 64 inch long steam box and how we powered it. For steam bending, expose the wood to steam, then bend it around a form. Heat affects wood fibers significantly. You can also consider heat bending with electric plank benders, lamination techniques, and quality router bits for detailed shaping. I do not know if "spring sack" makes using ratchet straps insufficient for pressing the keel and strakes to the hull in order to apply the epoxy. My Insperation: Steam bending wood without using a steambox • Steam bending wood without using a st My friends Jeff And Rob at Greene Street Joinery are bending solid white oak for the next client project. But how long should you steam the wood to achieve the desired level of plasticity? The theory behind Steam Bending Solid Wood and the "Thonet Method" are briefly explained and and some sources of further information, such as the "Wood Bendi The practice of steam bending wood dates back centuries, though its uptake was limited until the 19th century. Bending wood is essential for creating strong, curved components in boat building. Steamed timber has a high degree of plasticity that allows it to curve and twist as needed to create bespoke products. In this video, I walk you through how to build a steam box to bend wood for woodworking projects. 3 gallon tank will provide steam for up to 2 hours in enough volume for a small to medium size steam box. It's interesting to note that wood cannot be bent without the use of steam. See full list on wikihow. 9-Stage Adjustable Power – Optimize steam output for hardwoods (Level 7-9) or softwoods (Level 5-7). Oct 7, 2024 · A new woodworking skill, right around the bend! Our editors and experts handpick every product we feature. We all appreciate wood as a material for its diversity: colour, hardness and There are few techniques as efficacious and expeditious as using steam to plasticize wood—especially when bending planks. Lignin acts like Jul 10, 2023 · Want to add curves to your next woodworking project? Here's what you need to know about bending wood with steam. Here's what you need to know about bending wood with steam. Any Dec 16, 2017 · I'm planning a project that requires steam bending and before ripping the strips I need to bend, it occurred to me that it might be easier to bend if I orient the grain in one way or the other. If you want to see … Continue reading "Steam Bending in a Microwave" "लकड़ी का बना हुआ अद्भुत दृश्य"🔥 #youtubeshorts #shorts #explore your queries- youtube shorts video best selling projects out of wood youtube Steam bending helps bonsai artists shape trunks safely. In this video, I will show you how to make a rocking chair and steam bending wood. My methods developed over the years demonstrate that kiln dried hardwoods can be steam bent as well as air-dried hardwoods. A wood steamer provides the necessary heat and moisture to make this process successful. Jun 20, 2022 · Steam bending is an old technique that softens wood to allow it to bend beyond its natural limits. Download Free Steambending Instuctions:more Lesson 05 | Finishing Techniques In this video, you will learn how to analyze and avoid mistakes when steam bending wood and how to finish the bent pieces with oil, stain, and more. May 30, 2024 · How to Bend Wood With Steam The thinner and smaller the wood, the better it works for steam-bending. Steam Bending hardwood is one on the most delicate part of the process when building a wood floor lamp. Unlock the secrets to successful wood bending with our comprehensive guide! Have you ever thought about steaming wood? In this video I'll show you how to build a simple steam box and an easy way to create interesting twisted wood. The Science of Thermally Molding Solid Wood The art of bending solid wood, rather than carving curves from thicker stock, is a centuries-old craft essential for creating lightweight, strong, and Jul 27, 2022 · Building a Steam Box and Steam Bending Oak Frames, S2-E8 How to Build a Steambox (10 things you should know) ISHITANI - Making a jig for bending wood. Jan 28, 2025 · Discover professional water-based wood bending techniques including steam bending, soaking methods, and essential safety precautions for curved woodworking. How to steam bend 1" x 1 3/4" kiln dried ash on a 7 3/4" radius - 3 at a time, 15 total. We may earn a commission from your purchases. The technology is simple: you need a steambox, a high-capacity steam generator, plenty of fast-action deep-throated clamps, a gaggle of small wooden clamping pads, and hopefully, some reliable helpers to assist with bending the plank to the vessel. This allows us to utilize our own by-product, leaving no waste. This technique is commonly used in furniture-making, boat-building, and other woodworking Nov 12, 2021 · Steam bending Steam bending of timber is an age-old method of bending timber. See the full length video Jul 25, 2025 · About this item 1. But sometimes we want a curved project part that simply can’t or shouldn’t be cut from a larger piece. The size and strength of the required bend, and the desired result. Q: How long have you been steam bending wood for? Jun 17, 2025 · Master the timeless art of steam-bending wood to create stunning, curved designs with patience, skill, and the right technique. A time-honored method of manipulating wood Dec 17, 2024 · Every wood species, and even individual workpieces of the same species, can react differently to steam bending. Oct 9, 2024 · Our guide teaches you the basic of wood bending, the three main ways to bend wood, and some tips to make a woodworking project very doable. With bent lamination, we saw a board into thin strips and glue the strips back together on a bending form with Jul 9, 2023 · If you’re interested in knowing more about the steam bending process I go into detail about it in a video on Patreon. Steaming wood adds heat and moisture. Aug 4, 2025 · Steam Bending Wood After a couple of hours in a steam box, even hardwoods bend at your will. Common methods of bending wood include steaming, laminating, and using prefabricated strips or sheet material. Soft maple, yellow-poplar, and hard maple are poor wood species for steam-bending. My Insperation: Steam bending wood without using a steambox • Steam bending wood without using a st Dec 1, 2011 · Learn about steam bending oak frames, a wooden boatbuilding technique, as the Herreshoff S-boat MISCHIEF is reframed at Brooklin Boat Yard. Start with these best practices and then let experience be your guide. Oct 22, 2023 · This is my novice treatise on learning to Steam Bend Wood, I have read a lot about it and watched several videos but here I try to fill in some blanks and to summarize the best practices that I have seen and learned so far. Once a piece of wood has been heated up to the boiling point of water, above 99 degrees Celsius, or 210 degrees Fahrenheit, it becomes very pliable. If you buy something through our links, we may earn an affiliate commission. As a result, wood can be shaped easily. We have numerous methods to accomplish different shapes, but it all starts with steaming the wood prior to bending. Ensure you have a tight lid to trap steam effectively. Mysta Ill and Joshua Knecht 󰍸 2 󰤦 Last viewed on: Nov Steam bending is one of those woodworking activities that everyone has heard about, but most have not attempted. 00. Anyway, I need to make a small steam box to bend the sides similar to the one in this video. Feb 21, 2012 · Recently, I was attempting to steam a piece of 3/32 x 3 x 28 spalted maple to bend it into an oval. #woodworking #curved #carpentry #MadeInUSA #makersgonnamake Bending solid wood with Pure skill - No steam,no chemicals. Building and restoring horse drawn vehicles involves learning to custom steam bend replacement wood parts. Aug 4, 2021 · Turn up the heat on an entryway accent when you apply steam to air-dried wood. In this video a large pi Sep 19, 2025 · Steam bending wood doesn't have to be a hassle! Find out how to create a steam box for your at-home workshop! Steam bending wood is a process of using steam to soften and make the wood pliable. Jun 17, 2025 · Master the timeless art of steam-bending wood to create stunning, curved designs with patience, skill, and the right technique. 4L Large Tank – Provides 1-3 hours of continuous steam（depending on power stage）. Have you ever wanted to steam bend wood? Or build a wood steambox? In this video you'll find everything you need to know to build an efficient steamboxRockle Bent Wood Table // Bent Lamination // Dining Table… In this video, I decide to bend some wood. It softens the lignin in the wood. @boggsbench 4 Decades of Steam Bending Wood – This Machine Changed Everything! #chairmaking #woodworking #diy 264K Dislike 1,289 Mar 11, 2019 · This practical introduction to the craft of bending wood shows how wood can be made to behave in remarkable ways with the application of a little heat and steam. With steam bending it is very difficult to guage how much "spring back" you are going to get. Mar 27, 2020 · Water and steam bending are two of the most common wood bending methods. Read this article to know how this can be done. A few examples include arms and backs for Windsor chairs, as well as many bent components for wooden boats. Use clamps to hold the wood in place until it dries and retains the desired shape. Written by a leading expert on the topic, Wood & Steam includes 16 step-by-step projects for coat hangers, trivets, chairs, lampshades, and more. I see that both Wagner and Earlex, the spray painting equipment companies make steam generators for about $75. Oct 28, 2024 · To bend thick wood, use steam bending, kerf-cutting, or laminating. Bending wood is used for many different applications such as furniture making, decorative pieces, and ship building. 00 to $150. All I learned building a steam chamber, bending, and lamin Steam bending wood is sometimes mysterious, as well as difficult. Nov 29, 2021 · In this video we Steam bend wood to make the frame for a custom wood light. Steaming is the most common method of wood bending and involves soaking wood in hot steam to make it more flexible so it Jan 4, 2021 · Although mysterious and fascinating, steam-bending wood can be much more predictable if you follow some guidelines. Is it better to have the growth rings parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the bend or does Discover the step-by-step guide on how to build a steam box for bending wood effectively. This makes the wood easier to bend and then you have the key of how you raise and lower the temperature at which each wood properly cures and over what period of time. My sample cupped, and when I went to bend it around the form, I got about 35 percent of the bend, then the wood cracked. This process, integral to the construction of furniture, boat building, and various architectural elements, involves manipulating wood into desired shapes through methods like steam bending, kerf cutting, and laminating Jun 30, 2021 · In this video, Rob Johnstone breaks down the steam bending process, from building a steam chamber to creating a small steam bent project. Nov 7, 2024 · To bend wood, start by selecting a suitable wood type, such as oak or ash. Earlex Steam Generator Bending wood with steam opens up a new dimension for your furniture designs & woodworking projects. Steam bending is a traditional woodworking technique that involves softening wood fibers with steam. Vases, hearts, climbing aids, jewellery, a sleigh, a canoe, a chair, a man-sized ball… or perhaps fix a chair back. Dec 16, 2017 · I'm planning a project that requires steam bending and before ripping the strips I need to bend, it occurred to me that it might be easier to bend if I orient the grain in one way or the other. Dec 16, 2024 · The Steam Bending Wood Kit with a Steam Box Plan, Hinges, Latch, and a 1. These woods have excellent flexibility and strength, making them ideal for bending. Mysta Ill and Joshua Knecht 󰍸 2 󰤦 Last viewed on: Nov Aug 6, 2023 · Hi all. Watch Lou's method for using a plastic bag for bend Bending wood to create curved shapes and contours is a process that requires skill and patience. Shipwright Louis Sauzedde shows us more about how to use a plastic bag to steam wood so it can be bent in place while being steamed. What once was a common trade is now becoming a lost art. Wood Design makes a rocking chair May 20, 2016 · Today I'm bending short wooden pieces steamed in canning pot. The video above shows the whole process better than I could describe it. This article takes you step-by-step through both of them. at the 0:17 mark. Add some plastic pipe and hoses, about $125. Nov 14, 2021 · What is steam bending? Steam bending is a method of using heat and moisture to soften the lignin within a piece of wood to allow it to be reshaped into new and different profiles. Professional Windsor chair maker Elia Bizzarri gives a lesson on steam bending wood for furniture making, using a wood steamer box. First among them is increased working/clamping time. I lea Mar 24, 2020 · If you are thinking of bending wood, make sure to check this article. This chart lists some of the best woods for steam-bending and their characteristics. In this video, you'll see how to form the curved legs of a plant stand. Learn from Master Shipwright Louis Sauzedde how to steam bend wood without using a traditional steam box. 00 to get started. Once softened, carefully bend the wood to the desired shape by handing it gently without breaking the wood. Safety and precision are key, so investing in reliable Mar 18, 2025 · Bending wood is a fascinating and invaluable technique in woodworking that allows craftsmen to create curved shapes and intricate designs that straight wood cannot achieve. By softening the wood with heat and moisture, the natural curve of beauty is formed — without Feb 21, 2012 · Recently, I was attempting to steam a piece of 3/32 x 3 x 28 spalted maple to bend it into an oval. Understanding the right methods for bending wood can enhance the durability and aesthetic Wood bending is a popular technique used by woodworkers to create beautiful and unique furniture pieces, musical instruments, and other decorative items. 3 days ago · woodwork. May 11, 2021 · Some species of wood are easier to bend than others. Learn the basics of steam bending wood. May 18, 2023 · To bend wood with vinegar, soak the wood in white distilled vinegar for few hours or overnight, depending on the thickness and the wood type. This will be my first build. This technique allows for the formation of hulls, frames, and other structural parts. Now it is ready for the bending process. Learn essential techniques for selecting the right wood, setting up your steam box, and mastering the bending process. Windsor Chair and by Michael Thonet). Feb 6, 2020 · Normally, woodworkers do everything they can to mitigate wood movement and prevent boards from bending, cupping and twisting. Once softened, it becomes pliable and can be bent into various shapes which are retained when the wood cools again. Building and restoring horse Jul 15, 2004 · Glue all the slices back together using a urea-formaldehyde glue, clamp them to your (pre-waxed) form and you're there. This alternative steam bending method has multiple advantages over a traditional steam box. Do you have any suggestions to In this video, Peter upgrades his steam box by mounting a new pressure gauge—an essential tool for successful steam bending! 🔥💨 Why is a pressure gauge important? When steam bending wood Jun 8, 2024 · How to Steam Bend Wood and Testing the First Bent Lamination! 4-36 screenshot Leave a Comment / By Andrew A / June 8, 2024 Please follow and like us: Jan 24, 2019 · Here at Tom Raffield we receive so many great questions regarding our pioneering steam bending technique that we thought it was about time that we answered them for you. Learn to shape curved wood for furniture, guitars, and projects while ensuring safety. I steamed the wood for 30 minutes. Plus, the exterior water level indicator will let you know when to refill PERFECT FOR ANY WORKSHOP: The small electric steamer uses a 1500 Steam Bending WoodVideo Transcription morning guys I'm Dave Canterbury with the Pathfinder school what we're going to do today is we're going to do a small project to make the outside portion of an OG style pack frame and to do that we're going to use a technique called steam bending or heat bending steam and heat bending of wood is a very ancient skill it's one that everyone should understand Jun 8, 2024 · How to Steam Bend Wood and Testing the First Bent Lamination! 4-56 screenshot Leave a Comment / By Andrew A / June 8, 2024 Please follow and like us: I used walnut and ash wood. Even if someone only wants to bend smaller objects at first, this can be a lot of fun. But equipment is only half the battle – the real skill comes in the execution. Oct 7, 2011 · About this item WOOD BENDING STEAMER: The Earlex Steam Generator is the perfect tool to help you on your wood bending projects LONG RUN TIME: The 1. Jul 10, 2021 · Video Demo: Learn how to use a steam bending kit and build your own steam bending box. In this video, I’ll guide you step by step t We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Watch the video to learn more about how woodworkers are using steam to bend and shape wood. Plans for low-cost homemade steam generators are available, but often involve combustible fuels and an open flame. Plus, the exterior water level indicator will let you know when to refill PERFECT FOR ANY WORKSHOP: The small electric steamer uses a 1500 I used walnut and ash wood. This hugely increases the range of wood you can use So, steam bending is the process of weakening, stretching and reforming wood fibers to the desired shape. Steam bending wood for banjo rims is just the start! Forming them into their final workable shape to create the body takes a good bit of finesse, and a little brute force. Download Nov 13, 2024 · Some video's I have watched on this process suggest that wood flexis back a little bit toward its original shape after the wood has dried after steam bending. Sep 12, 2005 · Bending wood doesn’t require superhuman strength. Watch short videos about steam bending wood from people around the world. Steam bending has long been employed to build boats, ships and wagons, even toboggans and snowshoes. Bent wood just hits different 🔥 May 12, 2025 · If you’re after the best methods and tools for perfect wood curves, I recommend exploring steam bending kits, portable steam generators, and flexible steel templates for transferring intricate patterns. In this video, I demonstrate the three traditional ways to bend wood. Then, gently bend the plywood over a shape or mold and hold it in place with clamps. #woodworking#curved#carpentry#MadeInUSA#makersgonnamake - in New York, NY. Dec 9, 2024 · To make a steamer for bending wood, use a large container, such as a PVC pipe, and heat water inside it. We are bending use iron heat in this time. Sheet materials are challenging to steam-bend because of their size. Steaming and bending wood is a simple green woodworking skill. In this tutorial, I will show you how to bend wood by bringing these components together to make a simple DIY steam box. Jun 27, 2024 · From steam box kits to custom-designed bending forms, they’ve got the tools and materials to help you unleash your inner wood-bending master. Sep 30, 2023 · Learning how to bend wood with water will help you in transforming your wood to any desired shape. Powerful & Efficient Wood Steaming 1350W Rapid Heating – Generates steam in 10 minutes (faster than competitors' 23 mins) for quick wood bending. There are two popular methods for bending wood: bent lamination and steam bending. The technique has cultural significance and is kept alive through small craftsman based workshops and bespoke Steam bending wood is a challenge to perfect with a degree of repeatability. Transform your woodworking skills with this comprehensive tutorial on steam box creation. Feb 21, 2025 · To bend plywood, soak it in water or steam it to make it soft and flexible. Discover the step-by-step guide on how to build a steam box for bending wood effectively. It failed. There are a few common recipes and procedures that can be employed to create curved parts from straight boards, including steaming the wood, or laminating thin boards together. Let us find out the main methods how to bend wood. In it, I will take you through the most common techniques as well as stock types. I like this method much better than steam bending, as you have much more control over the final bend. Bill shows us how he steam bends wood for use in his handmade banjos. Steam Bending is an ancient process, much used in boat building and furniture construction (e. Steam Bending 1" Thick Kiln Dried Ash Possible | Engels Coach Building a Steam Box For Wood || Working on My Next Big Piece Steam Bending Wood | Jimmy DiResta Makes a Bent Wood Chair Lesson 05 | Finishing Techniques In this video, you will learn how to analyze and avoid mistakes when steam bending wood and how to finish the bent pieces with oil, stain, and more. I am planning to build a ukulele. Do you have any suggestions to Jan 24, 2019 · Here at Tom Raffield we receive so many great questions regarding our pioneering steam bending technique that we thought it was about time that we answered them for you. Oct 15, 2024 · The Science Behind Wood Bending The process of bending wood relies heavily on moisture. Master the art of bending wood with techniques like steam bending, kerfing, and jigs. commore Want to add curves to your next woodworking project? In practice, the process is quick, straightforward, and fairly simple. 2. This combination helps the fibers to relax. Bending wood with steam is an traditional skill that was overtaken by modern methods and new materials. Bending Solid Wood with Steam and Compressive Force There are three basic requirements for the successful bending of solid wood using steam. Learn about the materials needed, construction tips, and techniques to achieve perfect bends for your woodworking projects. I'm learning a new skill and trying to make bentwood hoops of wood for a future barstool project. Once pliable, carefully shape the wood using a jig or clamps. Find more woodworking tips and techniques at www. mngh ovmjdyj ifkk tsh vtapgs tlvyj gwfwmjdp mvqmwc bzyrei nekd xhxzx yjxftrokb tentz hfngi ruawgjt